鼻病毒（Rhinovirus）是引起普通感冒最常见的病原体，属于小RNA病毒科（Picornaviridae）。目前已知有超过160种不同的鼻病毒血清型，这使得人体难以对其产生持久免疫力。鼻病毒主要通过飞沫传播或接触被污染的物体表面后经手—眼、手—鼻等途径进入人体。感染后通常在1–3天内出现症状，包括流鼻涕、打喷嚏、喉咙痛、咳嗽和轻微发热等，一般持续7–10天。虽然鼻病毒感染多为自限性，对健康成年人影响较轻，但对婴幼儿、老年人或免疫功能低下者可能引发更严重的呼吸道疾病，如支气管炎或肺炎。目前尚无针对鼻病毒的特效抗病毒药物或疫苗，治疗以缓解症状为主，如多休息、补充水分、使用退烧药或减充血剂等。预防措施包括勤洗手、避免与患者密切接触、不共用个人物品以及保持良好通风环境。由于鼻病毒在较低温度（约33–35°C）下复制更活跃，这也是为何人们在春秋季节更容易患感冒的原因之一。
Rhinovirus is the most common cause of the common cold and belongs to the Picornaviridae family. Over 160 distinct serotypes of rhinovirus have been identified, making it difficult for the human body to develop lasting immunity. The virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets or by touching contaminated surfaces and then transferring the virus to the eyes, nose, or mouth via hands. Symptoms typically appear within 1–3 days after infection and include runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, and mild fever, usually lasting 7–10 days. While rhinovirus infections are generally self-limiting and mild in healthy adults, they can lead to more severe respiratory illnesses—such as bronchitis or pneumonia—in infants, the elderly, or immunocompromised individuals. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine available for rhinovirus; management focuses on symptom relief, including rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications like fever reducers or decongestants. Preventive measures include frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, not sharing personal items, and ensuring good indoor ventilation. Rhinoviruses replicate more efficiently at cooler temperatures (around 33–35°C), which partly explains why colds are more common during spring and autumn.
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