近年来，美国对委内瑞拉实施了严厉的经济制裁，尤其是针对其核心产业——石油出口。2019年起，美国全面封锁委内瑞拉国家石油公司（PDVSA），禁止其向美国出口原油，并冻结其海外资产，导致委内瑞拉外汇收入锐减、经济持续萎缩。面对封锁，总统马杜罗政府采取多项自救措施：一方面加强与俄罗斯、伊朗、中国和土耳其等非西方国家的合作，通过易货贸易或绕过美元结算的方式出口石油；另一方面推动国内“石油复苏计划”，吸引外资参与油田开发，并尝试恢复老旧炼油设施。此外，委内瑞拉还发行加密货币“石油币”（Petro），试图规避金融制裁。尽管这些举措在一定程度上缓解了压力，但受制于基础设施老化、技术短缺及国际油价波动，委内瑞拉石油产量仍远低于历史高峰。马杜罗政权虽未被推翻，但经济困境和民生问题仍是其长期执政的重大挑战。
In recent years, the United States has imposed severe economic sanctions on Venezuela, particularly targeting its core industry—oil exports. Starting in 2019, the U.S. fully blocked Venezuela’s state-owned oil company PDVSA, banning crude oil exports to America and freezing its overseas assets, which drastically reduced Venezuela’s foreign exchange earnings and deepened its economic contraction. In response, President Nicolás Maduro’s government has adopted several self-help measures: it strengthened cooperation with non-Western countries such as Russia, Iran, China, and Turkey, exporting oil through barter deals or bypassing the U.S. dollar in settlements. Domestically, Venezuela launched a ‘Petroleum Recovery Plan’ to attract foreign investment in oil fields and rehabilitate aging refineries. It also introduced a state-backed cryptocurrency called the ‘Petro’ to circumvent financial sanctions. While these efforts have somewhat alleviated pressure, outdated infrastructure, technological shortages, and volatile global oil prices continue to constrain Venezuela’s oil output, which remains far below historical levels. Although the Maduro regime has survived, persistent economic hardship and social challenges remain significant threats to its long-term stability.
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