尼帕病毒（Nipah virus）是一种高致死率的人畜共患病毒，最早于1999年在马来西亚被发现，此后多次在南亚地区暴发，尤其是印度和孟加拉国。近期，印度喀拉拉邦再次报告尼帕病毒感染病例，引发公众对疫情扩散的担忧。该病毒主要通过果蝠（狐蝠）传播给人类，也可通过受污染的食物（如生椰枣汁）或与感染者密切接触传播。尼帕病毒感染的症状从发热、头痛、呕吐，到严重者出现脑炎、昏迷甚至死亡，病死率高达40%至75%。目前尚无特效药或获批疫苗，治疗主要依靠支持性护理。世界卫生组织已将尼帕病毒列为优先研究的新兴病原体之一。专家提醒，加强监测、避免接触蝙蝠及其排泄物、不饮用未经煮沸的椰枣汁，是预防感染的关键措施。此次印度再度暴发疫情，凸显了全球对新发传染病防控体系的紧迫需求。
Nipah virus is a highly lethal zoonotic pathogen first identified in Malaysia in 1999. Since then, it has caused repeated outbreaks in South Asia, particularly in India and Bangladesh. Recently, new cases have been reported in India’s Kerala state, reigniting public concern over potential spread. The virus primarily spreads to humans from fruit bats (flying foxes), but can also be transmitted through contaminated food—such as raw date palm sap—or close contact with infected individuals. Symptoms range from fever, headache, and vomiting to severe encephalitis, coma, and even death, with a fatality rate between 40% and 75%. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or approved vaccine; care remains supportive. The World Health Organization lists Nipah virus among its priority pathogens for urgent research and development. Experts emphasize key preventive measures: enhanced surveillance, avoiding contact with bats and their excretions, and refraining from consuming unpasteurized date palm sap. This latest outbreak in India underscores the urgent need for robust global preparedness against emerging infectious diseases.
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