糖尿病是一种慢性代谢性疾病，主要特征是血糖水平长期高于正常范围。人体之所以会得糖尿病，核心原因在于胰岛素的分泌不足或身体对胰岛素的反应减弱（即胰岛素抵抗）。胰岛素是由胰腺分泌的一种激素，负责帮助葡萄糖进入细胞，为身体提供能量。当胰岛素功能异常时，葡萄糖无法有效进入细胞，导致血液中糖分堆积，从而引发高血糖。糖尿病主要分为两种类型：1型和2型。1型糖尿病通常在儿童或青少年时期发病，是由于免疫系统错误攻击并破坏胰腺中产生胰岛素的β细胞，导致胰岛素严重缺乏，患者需终身注射胰岛素。2型糖尿病则更为常见，多与遗传、肥胖、缺乏运动、不良饮食习惯等生活方式因素相关。这类患者的胰岛素分泌可能正常甚至偏高，但身体细胞对胰岛素不敏感，造成血糖调节失衡。此外，妊娠期糖尿病、某些药物、胰腺疾病或基因突变也可能引发糖尿病。预防2型糖尿病的关键在于保持健康体重、均衡饮食、规律锻炼和定期体检。早期发现和干预能显著降低并发症风险，提高生活质量。
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose levels. The primary reason people develop diabetes lies in either insufficient insulin production or the body’s reduced response to insulin—known as insulin resistance. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps glucose enter cells to be used as energy. When insulin function is impaired, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by cells, leading to hyperglycemia.There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes usually develops in childhood or adolescence and results from the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, causing severe insulin deficiency. Patients with Type 1 require lifelong insulin injections. Type 2 diabetes is far more common and is strongly linked to genetic predisposition, obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits. In this form, the body may produce normal or even high levels of insulin, but cells become resistant to its effects, disrupting blood sugar regulation.Other causes include gestational diabetes during pregnancy, certain medications, pancreatic diseases, or specific genetic mutations. Preventing Type 2 diabetes largely depends on maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and undergoing routine health screenings. Early detection and intervention can significantly reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.
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