自2022年俄乌冲突全面爆发以来，制空权的争夺一直是战场上的关键议题。总体来看，俄罗斯空军在数量、装备和作战经验上占据优势，初期便对乌克兰的空军基地、雷达系统和防空设施实施了大规模打击，试图迅速夺取制空权。然而，乌克兰凭借灵活的战术、分散部署的战机以及西方援助的先进防空系统（如‘爱国者’和NASAMS），有效削弱了俄军空中优势。乌军还利用无人机和远程火力对俄方机场与后勤节点进行袭扰，限制其空中力量投送能力。尽管俄军拥有更多战机和巡航导弹，但因指挥协调不畅、电子战对抗激烈及乌方顽强抵抗，未能实现完全制空。乌克兰虽无法在高空与俄空军正面抗衡，但在中低空域通过地空导弹网络维持了一定防御能力，并在局部区域实现有限制空。因此，当前战场呈现‘非对称制空’格局：俄方掌握战略层面的空中主导权，而乌方则依靠地面防空体系维持战术灵活性。未来，随着F-16等西方战机可能交付乌克兰，战场制空态势或将发生新的变化。
Since the full-scale outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022, control of the skies has been a pivotal issue on the battlefield. Overall, the Russian Air Force holds advantages in numbers, equipment, and combat experience. In the early stages of the war, Russia launched large-scale strikes against Ukrainian air bases, radar systems, and air defense installations in an attempt to quickly seize air superiority. However, Ukraine has effectively mitigated Russia’s aerial dominance through agile tactics, dispersed fighter deployments, and advanced Western-supplied air defense systems such as Patriot and NASAMS. Ukrainian forces have also used drones and long-range firepower to harass Russian airfields and logistical nodes, limiting Moscow’s ability to project air power.Although Russia possesses more aircraft and cruise missiles, it has failed to achieve complete air supremacy due to poor command coordination, intense electronic warfare, and stiff Ukrainian resistance. While Ukraine cannot match Russia in high-altitude air combat, it maintains defensive capabilities in medium and low altitudes through integrated ground-based air defenses and has achieved limited local air control in certain areas. Thus, the current situation reflects an ‘asymmetric air dominance’: Russia holds strategic aerial initiative, while Ukraine preserves tactical flexibility through its layered air defense network. The potential future delivery of Western fighter jets like the F-16 to Ukraine could further shift this balance.
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